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论述我国宪法的渊源。

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2022-03-25 19:00
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我国宪法渊源有着自己的特色,主要是以成文制定法为主,但总体而言形式比较单调,主要是通过宪法修改来弥补宪法的适应性。现阶段我国宪法渊源主要包括以下几种:
第一,宪法典。
新中国成立以来,除1949年9月制定的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》以外,我国共颁布了四部宪法。1954年9月20日,通过了我国第一部社会主义宪法,标志着我国社会主义成文宪法典的正式产生。之后,又先后颁布了1975年宪法、1978年宪法和1982年宪法,1982年宪法是我国现行宪法。
第二,宪法修正案。
到目前为止对我国现行宪法进行了四次修改,即1988年修宪、1993年修宪、1999年修宪和2004年修宪,这四次修宪共通过了31条修正案。
第三,宪法性法律。
在我国,国家最根本、最重大的问题大多通过宪法典的形式进行确认和规定,所以我国的宪法性法律,主要是指为实施宪法而由全国人民代表大会及常务委员会制定的同宪法相关的普通法律,是为宪法实施服务的。
第四,宪法惯例。
同世界上其他国家比较,我国的宪法惯例很少,但仍是我国宪法的渊源之一。我国主要的宪法惯例有:每年3月份召开“两会”,并无宪法规定,但全国人大和全国政协会议几乎同时召开就是长期形成的,到现在已成为惯例。
第五,宪法解释。
根据我国现行宪法第67条的规定,解释宪法的权力属于全国人大常委会,也就是说,只有全国人大常委会对宪法条文进行的书面解释,才能作为我国宪法的一种渊源形式。从宪法解释的实践来看,我国的宪法解释并不多,其作用远未发挥出来。
第六,国际条约和国际习惯。
关于国际条约和国际习惯在国内法中的地位和效力问题,我国宪法没有明确规定。但中国是联合国安理会五个常任理事国成员之一,1945年组织起草并参与签订了《联合国宪章》,享有《宪章》赋予的各项权利,并积极履行《宪章》规定的义务。
第七,紧急状态法令。
我国宪法对紧急状态进行了规定,如果符合紧急状态的条件,所颁布的紧急状态法令也应成为我国宪法渊源之一。


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