申论考试备考要点有哪些？请分别解释每一种要点的具体内涵。

申论考试有哪些具体方法？请分别解释每一种方法的具体内涵。

Every deliberate act of wrongdoing by the master or any of the crew against the ship or cargo，without the authorization or privity of the Shipowner or his agent，is（）.

（）, or drum is used for hauling in or letting out the wires or ropes which will fasten the ship to the shore.

A salvor may be（）the whole or part of the payment due under Salvage Convention to the extent that the salvage operations have become necessary or more difficult because of fault or neglect on his part or if the salvor has been guilty of fraud or other dishonest conduct.

The （） is used for hauling in or letting out the wires or ropes.

Vessels must be（）valid certificate of nationality or certificated of registry or license.

When loading or discharging dry mud or cement，crew members should use goggles and（）.

Effects which are dutiable or subject to prohibitions or restrictions should be declared in （）.

逻辑运算符（AND、NOT、OR）的运算顺序是AND→OR→NOT。

招生制度是一个国家高等教育制度的重要组成部分，各国招生制度主要有以下几种类型： 统一的入学考试，如英、法、德、亚洲。（国家组织统一考试）；美国的“大学入学考试委员会”和“大学考试协会”属于（）考试组织 由（）组织入学考试的形式，以体现大众高等教育中的精英教育，如美国的许多名牌私立大学，（）相结合，如日本的国立、公立大学

逻辑运算符（AND、NOT、OR）的运算顺序是AND→OR→NOT。