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简评洋务运动

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2021-08-08 00:51
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洋务运动是封建统治阶级中一部分官僚,在外国入侵与国内农民起义双重打击下,采用西方资本主义的科学技术和生产技术,来挽救清王朝的统治危机,维护和巩固封建制度的一种自救运动。其内容以练兵和兴办军用、民用工业为中心,包括洋务派官僚所进行的与外国资本主义有密切联系的军事、政治、经济、文教及外交等各方面的活动。洋务派没有脱离封建地主阶级本性,仍代表腐朽落后的地主阶级和封建生产关系,这就决定了他们不可能进行政治制度上的改革,决定了洋务运动不可避免地归于破产。
洋务派兴办近代工业,便利了清王朝镇压人民的反抗斗争,维持自己的封建统治,维持中国社会的半殖民地秩序。由于洋务派中以李鸿章为代表的一些人对外妥协投降,以及洋务派所办近代工业自身的各种严重弊端,军用工业、新式海军都没有真正起到抵抗侵略的作用,民用工业也没有真正抵制外国的商品倾销。但是,洋务运动引进了机器生产,传播了西方科学技术,对中国资本主义的产生也起到一定的促进作用。略述“百家争鸣”发生的社会背景、主要派别及其主要代表人物。答:(1)社会背景:
①文化教育开始普及于民间。
②人们对于当时社会大变革中的许多问题,各有自己的态度和主张、愿望和要求。这是产生“百家争鸣”的阶级基础。
③各家都抱着“以其学易天下”的宗旨,并“皆有所长,时有所用”,成为各阶级在思想上的代言人。而各国的封建君主对各家亦是“兼而礼之”。由于不主一家,并允许各家之间展开相互的批判和论战,便出现了“百家急鸣”的局面。
④礼贤下士成为当时的社会风气,使各个学派有了发展的机遇。
(2)当时主要的派别有儒、道、墨、法、名、阴阳、兵、纵横、农、杂等家。在思想领域影响最大的是前四家。
儒家:春秋时代表人物是孔子,其主要言论被弟子辑录成《论语》一书。战国时代表人物为孟子,主要学说多收在所著
《孟子》一书中,荀子的主要学说多收在所著《荀子》一书中。道家:春秋时代表人物是老子。相传其写了《道德经》,
但该书约成于战国时期。战国时期的代表人物是庄周。著有《庄子》一书。墨家:墨子是墨家的创始人。《墨子》一书基本上保存了他的思想。
法家:前期法家的代表人物有李悝、商鞅和申不害,后期法家的代表人物是韩非,著有《韩非子》一书,阐明他的思想和主张


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