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个体如何通过学习机制形成社会态度?

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2022-01-01 09:53
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正确答案

个体态度的形成通过联想学习、强化学习和模仿(观察学习)得来的。这三种学习分别以古典条件作用、工具性条件作用和社会学习这三种理论为基础。
(1)古典条件作用理论与联想学习。
古典条件作用理论是由巴甫洛夫的条件反射实验创立和完善的。无条件刺激(如肉粉)的呈现反复多次伴随有一种新的刺激(如铃声)后,则只要这种新的刺激单独出现,就可引起动物的无条件反应。这种新的刺激称作条件刺激。
态度的习得过程也是人们原先对不良品性所具有的情绪体验在联想的作用下扩展到了另一事物或对象的上面。例如由对恶劣品行的厌恶转而厌恶具有这一恶劣品行的人,以及与这一类人相似的人。
(2)工具性条件作用理论与强化学习。
工具性条件作用原理是由斯金纳创建的。行为结果对行为习得具有强化作用,行为的习得是在强化作用的基础上进行的。正强化——程度上更加强烈(如表扬),负强化(如惩罚或撤去一个刺激)——基本观点没有大的变化,但程度上不如正强化强烈。
(3)模仿与观察学习。
个体在对学习对象有较好的观察。又受到强化因素的激励后,就能够较好地进行模仿而学得一种新的行为。


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