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简述西方思想史上的义务概念。

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2022-01-03 05:59
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与对法律权利的分析比较,西方学者对法律义务的分析是相对匮乏的。在众多著作中论述的义务,基本上是道德义务或宗教义务。
在古希腊、古罗马时代,没有明确的法律义务概念,虽然义务的观念在社会中根深蒂固,并且在苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德、西赛罗等思想家的论著中已相当广泛深入地探讨了现今可以称之为法律义务的种种实质问题。在中世纪的文献中,亦没有与法律权利相对应的法律义务的明确表述。奥古斯丁、托马斯·阿奎那等神学家虽然有过关于义务的分析,但它们的分析主要限于宗教义务和道德义务的范围。
法律义务成为独立概念并被学理分析始于近代。分析法学派的鼻祖霍布斯可能是把义务与法律权利对应、把义务作为限定自由之法律约束的第一人。以后随着权利义务平等观念的传播,特别是立法的发展,义务作为权利的对应物进入更多法学家的视野。20世纪50年代以后,以英国法学家哈特、米尔恩、迪亚斯等为代表的新分析法学派(即语义分析法学派)对义务概念进行了卓越的研究,其中最突出的特点、也最富有启迪的是他们越来越强调义务概念中的“应当”而不是制裁要素——从分析“应当”入手,对义务范畴和义务现象进行了比较全面的分析,涉及义务的性质、义务的功能、义务的结构、义务的表现形式、义务的冲突、义务的违反、义务的实施等,使义务研究达到了相当深入的程度。


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