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试述哈特的法律规则说。

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2022-01-04 01:19
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哈特认为,法理学的关键问题在于两类规则的结合,这两类规则就是第一性规则和第二性规则。第一性规则是行为和标准方式,它设定义务,即要求人们从事或不从事某种行为,而不管他们愿意与否,社会成员都被强制遵守。它是第二性规则依附或辅助的对象。这些规则源于社会的需要,并且用来保证一种满意的生活方式。这些规则的约束力的基础在于大多数人的接受,而且大多数人还对不合作的社会成员施加强大的压力迫使其遵守这些规则。第二性规则指授予权力的规则,它辅助或依附第一性规则。根据第二性规则,人们可以引进、修改和取消原有的第一性规则,或者决定第一性规则的范围或控制其实施。哈特认为,一个发送的法律制度必须有一套“第二性规则”为承认和执行第一性规则确立一种法定手段,从而由前法律世界走向法律世界,使第一性规则体制成为无可争议的法律制度。因此,第二性规则应该是:第一,用某种权威的方式鉴别法律制度中有效的规则,使之成为这一社会集团的、由它所行使的社会压力做后盾的规则。第二,规定改变第一性规则的正式的系统的程序。第三,建立详尽的审判与执法程序来保证第一性规则的实施。哈特十分重视第一性规则同第二性规则的结合,认为这是“法律科学的关键”,是“法律制度的中心”。

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