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什么是“头脑风暴法”和“反向头脑风暴法”?

问答题
2022-01-04 06:30
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正确答案

按照被访者发表意见的形式不同,集体访谈可分为两类:
一类是各抒己见式的访谈,即与会者可以充分发表自己的意见,但不允许对别人的意见品头论足。20世纪50年代以来,在预测性调查中被广泛应用的“头脑风暴法”,就是这种访谈类型的代表。其主要做法是:第一,主持人简要说明会议主题,提出讨论的具体要求,并严格规定讨论问题的范围。第二,要求与会者自由发表意见,但不得附和或反驳别人的意见,以激发与会者进行创造性思维。第三,鼓励与会者汲取别人的观点,不断修改、补充和完善自己的意见,提出新观点。要求修改或补充自己观点者可优先发言。第四,主持人不发表意见和表明倾向,以免妨碍会议的自由气氛。这类集体访谈的主要功能是促进发散性思维和创造性思维的产生,而不在于寻求统一的结论。它特别适用于寻求新观点、新途径、新方法的调查研究。
一类是讨论式的访谈,其代表是“反向头脑风暴法”(亦称质疑头脑风暴法)。它是常用于对初步形成的设想、意见、方案进行可行性研究的一种会议形式。其主要程序和做法与头脑风暴法有许多一致之处,但核心规则却截然相反:禁止会议的参加者对已提出的设想、意见、方案进行确认论证,而只允许提出各种质疑或批评意见。质疑和批评的内容主要是提出原设想、意见、方案不能成立或无法实现的理由,或者是说明要实现原设想、意见、方案可能存在的种种制约因素以及排除这些制约因素的方法和必要条件等。与会者既可互相研讨,互相补充,又可互相诘难,互相争论,一直到没有可质疑或批评的问题为止。最后,要归纳各种质疑和批评意见,并对其进行全面的分析、比较和评估,形成一个具有可行性的统一结论。


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