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简述元代的行政决策及其执行?

问答题
2022-01-05 04:15
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正确答案
(1)会议是元代行政决策的主要形式,按会议主持的身份的不同可分为皇帝亲自主持的会议和中书省会议两种类型。
皇帝主持的会议分朝堂会议和内廷会议两种形式。朝堂会议是皇帝在朝堂亲自召集大臣议政的会议形式,多作出重大行政决策。内廷会议是皇帝在禁中召集商议军国大事的会议。以上两种会议的最后决断权在皇帝手中,故作出的决策具有权威性和法律效力。有时皇帝本人并不出席会议,而是将重大事件交与中书省商议讨论,由中书省长官召集中书省全体官员参加,各抒己见,最后由中书省首脑作出裁决,然后上报皇帝。枢密院、御史台和宣政院各自负责一方面工作,可直接上奏皇帝而不需要通过中书省,故皇帝和中书省有时需要在这几个机构间进行协调,协调方式是举行联席会议,共同商讨对某一事件的决策。参加这种会议的机构由皇帝指定,通常由中书省牵头组织。由上可见,元代皇帝仍是决策过程中的关键人物,但元代决策体制又有其特殊性,即保留有较多的蒙古旧俗残余,这主要表现在皇后对政治的干预和元代宗亲贵胃对朝政影响巨大。
(2)决策一旦作出,由职能部门负责实施执行,执行过程大致如下:中书省政令大达后,由宰相的主要幕僚机构参议府负责安排落实,通过左、右司将政令下达给六部,六部将执行政务情况的信息通过左、或司和参议府而反馈到中书省长官。因此,由中书省协助皇帝决策,参议府安排落实,左、右司承转政令,六部等职能机构执行构成了元代中枢决策和行政运转程序。

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