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简述唐末农民战争的背景和特点。

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2022-01-06 05:51
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背景:
1、唐朝后期严重的土地兼并。唐末,大批耕地集中在大地主手中,全国半数以上农民失去土地,被迫沦为逃户。统治者又巧立名目,对农民“竭泽而渔”。
2、战祸连年。一百多年来,藩镇之间以及藩镇和政府间为争权夺利的征战,从未停止过。
3、灾荒年月,依旧催交租税,百姓生活困苦不堪。
4、唐朝廷尤其对食盐实行垄断,任意抬高盐价,许多贫民被迫淡食。私盐贩与朝廷的矛盾也日益尖锐,出现许多武装贩盐集团,他们有组织,有武装斗争经验,以王仙芝、黄巢为代表的盐贩成为农民起义的领袖。
特点:
1、时间长,规模大。唐末农民战争历时十年,席卷山东、河南、安徽、江西、江苏、浙江、福建、广东、湖南、湖北、陕西等十二省区,横扫半个中国。
2、沉重打击了腐朽势力。黄巢军大杀贵族官吏,隋唐以来为世家大族所看重的谱牒之书在战火中大部毁失,从而对魏晋以来支配政治和社会的门阀世族制度以毁灭性的摧毁,这对五代、宋以后社会结构和价值取向产生了重大影响。
3、面对唐末的社会矛盾,在经济上,农民军第一次提出了“均平”的口号。反映了农民对封建剥削的新的认识和主张。
4、流动作战。由于领导人的身份经历,黄巢起义军长于流动作战,其作战路线由北向南、由南而北,机动灵活。面对唐廷在江北、中原集结大军的形势,黄巢采取流动作战方式,领兵渡江,向唐军力量薄弱的江南进军.先后攻下了江西、浙江许多州县。又进军岭南。岭南疫病流行,黄巢再次北上。最终占领洛阳,打进长安。
但起义的失败也留下了教训:
1、流动作战在一定时期是必要和合理的,但起义军始终未在占领地区建立巩固的根据地,必然使自己陷入无后方和无后勤保障的流寇境地。
2、在占领长安后,没有乘胜追击,留下后患。3、起义队伍中混进了不少投机分子和野心家,起义军领导不力,将领动摇、妥协、叛变,不断挫伤了起义军的战斗力,最终导致失败。


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