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私有制与人权的关系?私有制和市场经济的关系?私有制和宪政(议会)的关系?

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2022-03-05 15:50
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(一)私有财产神圣不可侵犯是人权的基本内容之一,私有财产是物化的人权,具有神圣性,如果得不到保护,个人会变得极其脆弱。在人权视角中,财产权是普遍被肯定的。私人财产的积极意义在于保持个人尊严、个人发展并促进社会进步。人权的生存权、发展权亦系于个人的人身权和财产权。
(二)私有制是市场经济的基础。商品交换最基本的前提是交易的双方对自已拿去交换的商品拥有所有权,否则交易就不成立。市场经济是自主经济。市场主体不管是人还是企业,必须具有独立的产权,有独立的经济利益,是自主经营、自负盈亏、自我约束、自我发展的商品生产者或经营者。当私人占有被保障,每个人的独立产权便得到保护,才能保证市场经济的自主性。
(三)西方议会的起源可以追溯到中世纪封建国王控制的“不出代议,不纳赋税”的等级会议。以英国为例,土地私有制是英国宪政,代议制的基础。由于私人财产所有者财政上独立于国王,反而是国王有求于百姓,为了解决税收的困难国王开始召集国会。议会是以私有财产为基础,为保证收税而设立。
资产阶级议会在法律上确立的平等权利和自由权利,有利于人们摆脱封建束缚而发展资本主义生产力。其中包括确立“私有财产神圣不可侵犯”的原则,有利于资本主义的“自由竞争”畅行无阻以及确立包括劳动力买卖在内的商品经济市场的交换自由。


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