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论述南方石漠化的成因及其对策?

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2022-03-12 17:55
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正确答案

现状:目前,我国近70%以上的石漠化灾害主要分布在以贵州高原为中心的贵州、云南、广西、湖南、湖北、重庆、四川、广东等南方8省(区、市),石漠化面积达12.96万平方公里,每年大约吞噬1856平方公里的土地面积,总体呈加剧趋势。近几年,石漠化更以年均2%左右的速率扩张,尤其以贵州省最为严重,所以对石漠化进行治理刻不容缓。
原因:石漠化的产生与发展是自然因素与于人为因素叠加所致,其具体内容如下:
一、自然因素自然因素是石漠化形成的基础条件。岩溶地区丰富的碳酸盐岩,是石漠化形成的物质基础。山高坡陡,气候温暖、雨水丰沛而集中,为石漠化形成提供了侵蚀动力和溶蚀条件。因自然因素形成的石漠化土地占石漠化土地总面积的26%。
主要表现在:
(1)强烈的岩溶化过程
(2)地质条件
(3)地形、地貌因素
(4)植被生长环境等。
二、人为因素人为因素是石漠化土地形成的主要原因。岩溶地区人口密度大,地区经济贫困,群众生态意识淡薄,各种不合理的土地资源开发活动频繁,导致土地石漠化。人为因素形成的石漠化土地占石漠化土地总面积的74%,
主要表现为:
(1)过度樵采
(2)不合理的耕作方式
(3)过度开垦
(4)乱砍滥伐
(5)乱放牧。
三、石漠化的防治的对策与措施
由于石漠化在空间分布上存在强度差异,在恢复治理时存在难易差异,所以只有科学划分石漠化等级,才能准确查清石漠化现状,因地制宜实施恢复治理工程。对于强度石漠化地区,由于人与环境的关系严重失调,人类缺乏基本的生存条件,因此对石漠化的治理主要采取以自然恢复为主的生态战略,有计划、有步骤地开展生态移民,采取封山育林等措施逐步恢复植被,并合理开发喀斯特生态旅游。对于中度石漠化地区,主要采取以治理为主的生态战略,通过退耕还林、发展混农林业等措施积极治理。对于轻度石漠化地区,主要采取治理为主、加强预防的生态战略,进行生态农业、庭院经济的生态综合防治,加强农田基本建设、农村能源建设和人畜饮水工程建设,保护好现有的土地和林草植被,防止产生新的石漠化土地。


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