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试论马克思、恩格斯的悲剧观。

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2022-04-19 07:56
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马克思和思格斯扬弃了黑格尔悲剧理论中的唯心主义成分,将悲剧中历包含的必然性和社会倾向性,与推动历史前进的社会斗争联系起来,从而深刻地揭示了悲剧美学的社会历史及阶级的涵义。思格斯在《致斐•拉萨尔》的信中指出,悲剧的本质正是由“历史的必然要求和这个要求的实际上不可能实现之间的悲剧性的冲突”所决定的。凡是代表历史的必然要求、有益于推动历史前进助社会力量,在伦理上便是善的,在审美上便是崇高的;它的反面则是恶的卑下的。
人民群众及代表他们的英雄人物所具有的那种不惜牺牲自己以换取社会进步的“知其不可为而为”的英雄行为,是最高的善和最伟大的崇高。他们在斗争中会遇到来自自然力量、社会力量以及自身的认识不足等方面的因难,甚至合暂时失利、失败而造成悲剧。这种代表“历史必然要求”的实践主体在与阻挡历史前进的现实社会势力及其它阻力进行斗争中所遭到的失败,这种现实存在对实践要求的压倒和摧毁,却愈能暴露现实存在的不合理和必然衰亡,也就更加显示出实践主体要求的合理性和必然胜利。这就以否定的形式肯定了人们的实践和斗争,具有了崇高的美学价值。从长远来看,代表历史必然要求的实践主体虽经失败但最后必将取得胜利,因而这种悲剧就能在悲悯和惊赞中引导人们进行真理的探索和伦理的追求,在强烈的感动和激荡中给人以向上的鼓舞力量,具有巨大的教育意义。总而言之,悲剧的美学特征表现为一种主体与客体的矛盾斗争趋向于统一的过程,即体现人的本质力量的实践主体暂时被否定而最终被肯定,代表历史发展方向的实践主体暂时受挫折而终将获得胜利。


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