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简述制定教育目的的依据。

问答题
2022-04-30 17:27
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正确答案
教育目的是由人提出的,属于意识范畴,它的形式是主观的。但是,人们提出的教育目的是有其现实基础和社会根源的,它的内容是客观的。人们在规定教育目的时必须以一定的客观存在及其发展规律为前提和根据。
1、物质生产水平
(1)物质生产水平是教育存在和发展的绝对条件和永恒基础。人们一旦停止了物质生产,人类社会存在的物质基础就会崩溃,人类社会关系的纽带就会瓦解,当然也就谈不上教育活动的存在与发展。可以说,物质生产发展水平的高低直接决定了社会能够提供给教育的物质条件以及个人受教育时间的多寡,从而,也就从根本上决定了社会成员发展的可能性。可见,社会生产力的发展水平是制约教育目的的最终决定因素。
(2)生产力是人类从事物质生产的能力,而人是生产力中最活跃、最重要的因素,人要从事物质生产不仅需要一定的体力,而且需要一定的智力、科学文化知识、劳动技能技巧等。但是,人的智力要靠教育来开发,劳动技能技巧及各种生产知识要靠教育来获得。人类在生产实践中形成的生产力要一点一滴地积累下来,一代一代地传递下去,也要靠教育才能做到。可见,一定时期的生产力总是根据自己的发展水平,对劳动者的培养提出自己的要求。
2、生产关系以及由此产生的政治关系和思想关系
生产关系以及由此产生的政治关系和思想关系,对教育目的起着直接的决定作用。任何一个社会对教育的要求总是在一定的社会关系中产生并受这种关系的制约的,因此,一定的教育目的必定表现为在一定条件下的物质生活需要或物质经济利益决定的。在阶级社会里,不同的阶级由于经济利益和政治利益的不同而有不同的教育目的,其中,统治阶级的教育目的反映了统治阶级的经济和政治利益,在众多教育目的中占有统治地位。
3、受教育者身心发展的特点
教育总是直接指向处于一定发展阶段的受教育者个体的,为了使受教育者身心发展达到预期的结果,教育目的的制定者不能不考虑个体身心发展的可能性。

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