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试述韦伯的理想官僚组织模式。

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2022-05-21 01:34
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答:韦伯的理想官僚组织模式具有下列特征:
(1)组织中的人员应有固定和正式的职责并依法行使职权。组织是根据合法程序制定的,应有其明确目标,并靠着这一套完整的法规制度,组织与规范成员的行为,以期有效地追求与达到组织的目标。
(2)组织的结构是一层层控制的体系。在组织内,按照地位的高低规定成员间命令与服从的关系。
(3)人与工作的关系。成员间的关系只有对事的关系而无对人的关系。
(4)成员的选用与保障。每一职位根据其资格限制(资历或学历),按自由契约原则,经公开考试合格予以使用,务求人尽其才。
(5)专业分工与技术训练。对成员进行合理分工并明确每人的工作范围及权责,然后通过技术培训来提高工作效率。
(6)成员的工资及升迁。按职位支付薪金,并建立奖惩与升迁制度,使成员安心工作,培养其事业心。
韦伯对理想的官僚组织模式的描绘,为行政组织指明了一条制度化的组织准则,这是他在管理思想上的最大贡献。作为韦伯组织理论的基础,官僚制在19世纪已盛行于欧洲。韦伯从事实出发,把人类行为规律性地服从于一套规则作为社会学分析的基础。他认为一套支配行为的特殊规则的存在,是组织概念的本质所在。没有它们,将无从判断组织性行为。
这些规则对行政人员的作用是双重的:一方面他们自己的行为受其制约,另一方面他们有责任监督其它成员服从于这些规则。韦伯理论的主要创新之处来源于他对有关官僚制效率争论的忽略,而把目光投向其准确性、连续性、纪律性、严整性与可靠性。韦伯这种强调规则、强调能力、强调知识的行政组织理论为社会发展提供了一种高效率、合乎理性的管理体制。现在管理理论中普遍采用的高、中、低三层次管理就是源于他的理论。行政组织化是人类社会不可避免的进程,韦伯的理想行政组织体系自出现以来得到了广泛的应用,它已经成为各类社会组织的主要形式。韦伯的行政组织理论虽然不是管理思想的全新开创,只是社会实践的理论总结,但认同其思想对现代组织行为的现实指导意义。


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