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简述洛克的社会契约理论。

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2022-05-21 12:00
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正确答案

洛克说,人类最初建立政治社会,必须通过契约的方式,因为任何人放弃其自然自由并受制于公民社会的种种限制的唯一方法,是同其他人协议联合成为一个共同体。人天生是自由平等的,要使任何一个人服从另一个人的政治权力,只有得到他本人的同意,而这种同意是必须由契约表现出来的。
具体而言,
第一,每个结合者不是放弃全部的自然权利,而是放弃部分权利交给全社会,这个被放弃的部分权利,即个人惩罚罪犯的权利;
第二,每个结合者把部分权利交给整个社会而不是某个个人;
第三,政治社会的行动应取决于社会的大多数。多数人有权采取行动,而其余的人必须服从,但他并不忽视每个缔约者的意志;
第四,政治社会依靠集体的力量,仍然保护公民的生命、自由和财产权,这些权利由自然权利变为公民享有的不可剥夺的权利。政治社会必须保护公民的这种权利,否则就叫超出了“公众福利”的需求,人民就有权进行反抗。反抗也是人民的一项自然权利,因而必须建立一个有限权利的政府。如果政府不能服务于这个目标,人们就有废除原来契约的权利。


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简述洛克的社会契约理论。
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