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简述公共伦理的含义和特征。

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2022-05-23 21:54
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(1)公共伦理的含义
公共伦理是指用以规范公共管理主体行为、以保证公益事业的公正性、合理有效地实现公益事业目标的准则体系。
(2)公共伦理的基本特征
①非强制性。公共伦理由于其作用于人的内心,直接影响人的内心精神世界,不同于法律政令,不具有国家意志的属性,也得不到权力的保障,没有设立专门机构按照严格的制度进行,而是通过社会舆论、传统习惯、内心信念等力量来实施社会管理职能,因此它是一种非强制性的管理,这种管理虽然是无形的,却是广泛的、深刻的、强有力的。
②广泛渗透性。公共伦理在本质上是一种社会意识,是实践精神把握世界的方式,是对人之为人的最基本的要求,它从现实利益关系的角度,特别是从现实生活中个人对待社会整体利益、群体利益的角度去调节人们的各种社会活动和社会关系。因此公共伦理的管理作用的范围比法律和政治等制度化管理具有更大的普遍性、广泛渗透性、悠久的历史。
③义务本位性。公共伦理一般是以义务为基准而制定的,因而它主要以义务性规范为核心,而不是以权利性规范为主体。人们对公共伦理义务的承担是以对道德的自觉认同为前提,并不是谋求相应或对等的权利。人们对公共伦理义务的恪守也不是以谋求权利或获得相应的补偿为前提,一般含有某种程度的自我牺牲精神。
④灵活性。政治和法律等强制性管理,都具有制度化的特征,对对人和社会的管理要通过专门的机构、专职人员、既定的程序和比较严厉的措施来执行,具有强制性和权威性。公共伦理则不同,它可以在任何场合,通过任何组织和个人,以灵活多样的方式进行。

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