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试述斯巴达教育体系。

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2022-06-24 12:33
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在斯巴达,儿童属于国家的,检验合格、体质健壮的婴儿在国家监督下由父母教养到手岁,不合格的即被抛弃。男孩7岁起就被送入国家公有机关,过半军营式的生活,一直到18岁。在这里,儿童从小过着集体生活,以年龄分队,由20—23岁的青年担任小队教导员。其上,设有总监,另有一批助手,称为“鞭打者”。为了养成艰苦的生活习惯、培养坚忍不拔的毅力,他们给予儿童的饮食起居条件极端简陋、苛刻,使之习于忍耐饥寒,还用残酷的鞭打和野兽的扑咬作为训练的手段;这培养机警性和仇恨儿童的心理,他们要求儿童到附近希洛人居住的村落偷盗食物和柴米,甚至在夜间举行捕杀奴隶的“实习”;为了对儿童进行政治的和道德的教育,他们通过教官或来访的社会上层人士,采用讲述或谈话的方式使儿童了解斯巴达人的风俗习惯、传统、宗教仪式和奴隶制社会的政治、法律、行为标准。在这里,智育不受重视,文化知识极端落后,教学的主要内容是军事体育活动,除五项竞技运动(赛跑、跳跃、掷铁饼、投标枪、角力)外,还有骑马、肉搏、游泳、射箭等军事游戏。儿童也接受音乐与舞蹈教育,不过是与军事体育结合进行的,含有军事和宗教的意义。儿童唱宗教赞美歌儿战歌以激励尚武和爱国的情感,跳舞则是军事体育动作的模拟和敬神的表示。
斯巴达青年满18岁,就被送到埃弗比(Ephebia,士官团,高一级的教育机构)接受正规的军事训练,到20岁止。入团前,青年必须接受当众鞭打的考验,能忍受者为合格,哀号求免者则被剥夺入团资格。埃弗比团由精干的军事家领导,学习地形和进攻、防御的战略。军事训练还包括经
常对奴隶进行空袭和捕杀。
斯巴达还重视女子教育。女孩在体力方面和道德方面也受到同样的教育,以便适应斯巴达的社会生活,成为体格健壮的母亲,在男子出征时还可负起保卫的职责。


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