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简述近代以来主要的法理学流派思潮。

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2021-12-26 03:27
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(1)以革命时代为大环境,以启蒙思潮为思想背景,以启蒙思想家为骨干,重在强调法的应然性价值,主张社会变革因而具有鲜明革命色彩的古典自然法学派。
(2)把眼睛转向实在法和现实的法的现象,以功利主义哲学为理论基础,以实证研究为基本方法,以边沁和奥斯丁为主要代表,主张以成文法这种实在的材料为根据,试图通过对实在法作种种分析特别是概念分析、语言分析而阐述和解决法律问题、法制问题的分析法学派。
(3)以强调法是民族精神或历史传统的自然演化结果为基本方法,以保守为重要特征,对抗古典自然法学派和反对社会革新,“把法看成是从社会团体本能的权利意识中进化而来的事物,是通过特定的社会、经济和其他事物的理性发展起来的事物”的历史法学派。
(4)以思辨哲学为理论基础和基本方法,以康德和黑格尔为典型代表,在晦涩难懂的词句掩饰下,曲折地但却深刻而固执地表达某种法的主张乃至社会主张的哲理法学派。
(5)把法看作一种社会现象,以社会学的观点和方法研究法,以法同社会之间的关系,特别是以社会中所存在的所谓活法为研究对象,反对19世纪盛行的以个人权利和自由作为法的本位的思潮,强调法在社会生活中的作用和效果以及各种社会因素对法的影响,强调法的社会利益和法的社会化的社会法学派。
(6)在古典自然法学派衰落几近一个世纪后出现的,主张复兴自然法,但却不再强调以永恒的自然正义作为国家和社会的普遍法则,而是在新的历史条件之下,面对现实地强调个人权利和社会权利应当在理性和正义的制度下相互结合,着力探索可以适应现实环境的理想标准并力图使其成为实在法的指导原则的新自然法学派。
(7)摒弃对法作价值分析的方法,使法同伦理、社会以及其他种种因素相脱离,认为法学研究的真正的也是惟一的对象便是实际存在的以规范体系表现出来的实在法的纯粹法学派或规范法学派。
(8)由哈特所创立和代表的,以继承和发展奥斯丁的分析法学为特征的,和凯尔森的纯粹法学共同构成20世纪分析实证主义法学,从而使实证主义法学得以振兴的新分析法学派。
(9)以继承、改造和发展康德和黑格尔的哲学和法律思想为显著特征的新哲理法学派,或新康德主义法学派和新黑格尔主义法学派。
(10)以美国的新自由主义经济学或新制度经济学为理论基础的,把效益或财富极大化当作法的宗旨,由波斯纳作为主要代表人物的经济分析法学派。此外,还有其他一系列法学流派或思潮,例如以一些年轻的西方马克思主义者的学说为代表的批判法学思潮,以博登海默等为代表的综合法理学派,等等。


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