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试述公共部门人力激励的特殊性。

问答题
2021-12-27 11:08
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正确答案

1、公务人员身份保障。
公务人员由于有任用身份上的保障,一直被称为“铁饭碗”打不破,因而只要“大错不犯,小错可以不断”,这种情形使得人力激励的手段——赏罚分明制度——打了许多的折扣,无法重罚,也无法即赏即罚。 
2、层级节制。
官僚组织的层级节制,使得公务人员在升迁、沟通、公文的传达上皆比一般企业缓慢、无效率许多,也因此产生了“天高皇帝远”或“公门好修行”的心态,使得公务人员存在与组织、他人或自己疏离的情况,继而妨碍了激励手段的运用。 
3、法规限制。
公务体系由于受到太多的法律规章限制,造成公务人员过度消极、僵化,甚至不推不动、阳奉阴违的形式主义,以及把遵守法规当成第一要务的“目标替代”情况。而且,法规的修订旷日废时,导致公务人员的服务永远赶不上人民的期待,不但引起民怨,公务人员自己本身也无奈,因而产生反激励效果。另外,譬如“图利他人”的罪刑,也让许多公务人员生怕动辄触犯法律,而采取明哲保身,或多一事不如少一事的心态。 
4、预算限制。
官僚组织预算有限,而且必须要受到立法机关的严格审核,因此无法做到即时有效的奖赏作用,同时也无法编列足够的预算在公务人员的教育训练上。 
5、升迁。
公务人员能否升迁除了受到法令的限制外,也时常传出有因意识形态、政党、小团体的差异或裙带关系或不够会吹会捧等原因,而有升迁不公的情况。更惨的情况是:表现良好的公务人员由于受到极度的“欣赏”与“重用”,主管反而舍不得他升迁,而要把他留在身边,上述情况皆是对公务人员士气和激励上的伤害。 
6、人事制度的缺失。
官僚组织除了以上五种问题,其他譬如现行考试制度、考试方法及任用制度是否能找到最适当的人,并把他(她)放在最适当的职位上,恐怕仍有许多的疑问。其次,公务人员考绩制度也有同样的问题,常无法明辨优劣。一方面是因公务绩效难以衡量,先天限制,更因制度未彻底落实或长官主观、人情、徇私之弊;而且在考绩方面,也无法给予公务人员有效、即时的赏罚。 
7、政治挂帅。
公务体系如果太政治化,可能导致反激励的三种情形:
(1)绩效放两边,政治摆中问:不论是非、不论表现,只要加对政党、跟对人,每日汲汲营营搞政治,就可官运亨通;
(2)政治横行,专业弃守:如果公务人员以其专业拟定出来的政策,轻易地即被政党、长官以意识形态或政治的理由,或民意代表所扭曲,对公务人员之士气势必造成相当的伤害;
(3)成群结党,破坏关系:组织里面分成好几派,或把别人归为哪一派,都造成彼此间失去信任,而导致人际(沟通)关系和组织气氛不良,甚或相互诋毁、攻击。 


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