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试评康德的“艺术天才论”。

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2021-12-27 15:07
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康德认为天才是一位艺术家必备的先天条件,与人类的其他活动不同,文艺创作离不开天才,美的艺术只有作为天才的作品才有可能。他具体论述了艺术天才的有关特征。
一是独创性,即艺术天才不是一种能够按照任何法规来学习的才能,也不是摹仿他人的才能,而是一种创造性的心灵禀赋。正是这种心灵禀赋,决定了天才之作是不可重复的,独一无二的。康德认为,一个人,无论学习与模仿的能力多么高潮,都无法成为艺术天才。
二是典范性,即天才的作品不仅大胆冲破了既有规则的束缚,呈现出鲜明的独创性,而且还应是新的艺术典范。
三是不可传授性,即天才是受之于天的,是一个人在诞生之时,由上天赋予他的守护与指导的精灵。这样一种天才,自然是不可解释的,是神秘莫测的,是无法靠学习而获得的。
值得注意的是,康德在论述艺术天才时,并没有完全否定理性及学习与训练。他既承认理性原则的重要,又希望张扬与经验论哲学相关的想象、天才、自由等。


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