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简述唐朝中央政治制度的概况和特点。

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2021-12-27 22:29
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唐代的官制基本是沿袭隋制。以皇帝为首的封建国家体制,在唐高祖武德时期就比较完备地建立起来。法律和法令都以皇帝的名义颁布,皇帝有权修改法律和法令,并可以不受法律和法令的约束。在皇帝之下,有三省、六部、九寺、五监等职官体系。在中枢机构中,制令机关、封驳审议机关与行政事务机关是分工而又合作的。政务机关和事务机关的职责是很分明的,监察机构也很完备。此外,还有一套比较完备的品阶勋爵制度。唐代的中央官制大致有以下几个系统:1、同中书门下平章事与政事堂;2、三省六部。中书决策,门下审议,尚书执行。尚书省下辖吏、户、礼、兵、刑、工六部;3、尚书都省;4、监察机关——御史台;5、事务机关——卿监。唐代官制的另一个重要特点,就是翰林学士一职。唐代在京有行政系统以外的差遣官翰林学士,在外的临时差遣则有掌财计的度支、户部、盐铁转运三司。它们是三个各自独立的部门,各以使臣莅其事,到五代时才并为一职,称为“三司使”。
唐朝政治制度不仅为唐代社会、经济和文化的发展提供了制度上的保障,而且对唐以后各朝的政治制度也有着深远的影响。如果从中国古代政治制度发展的角度来观察,唐朝政治制度有以下几个特点:
1、唐朝最终结束了家国一体和贵族门阀政治的国家体制,开启了皇帝—官僚政治体制。
2、唐朝政治体制的基本格局,奠定了后代官僚政治制度的基本框架和运行模式。
3、唐朝各级官吏的任用都必须经过考试,官僚形态呈现出新的特征。
4、唐代政治制度一直随着社会形势的不断变化而调整,体现出较强的自我完善的机能。
5、在政治制度的运行中,呈现出原则性与灵活性的结合。


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