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何谓“P”坐标系?及其优缺点?

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2022-03-01 08:48
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正确答案

已知局地直角坐标系其坐标轴采用(x,y,z),其中的垂直坐标以几何高度z来表示,故也称它为”z”坐标系。由于大气的垂直高度与气压有很好的静力学关系,可用气压p来表示垂直坐标,即空间点的位臵用(x,y,p)坐标来表示,这种坐标系称为“P”坐标系。
它有很多优点:气象上用的天气图,除地面图外,高空图都是等压面图,即是一种“P”坐标图,由于等压面相对水平面的坡度很小,因此它又具有准水平面的特点。在“P”坐标系中,通过静力学关系,可得到用等压面上的位势高度场特征来表示气压场的特征,气压梯度力成为线性项,形式简单。此外,运动方程组可少了密度这个变量,连续方程也变的较为简单,p坐标系用于研究大尺度运动较为合适。
其缺点是:由于采用了静力学近似关系,所以p坐标系运动方程组不能用于研究存在非静力平衡的运动现象,如某些小尺度运动。此外,p坐标系的缺点是难以正确地给出下边界条件。


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