（） are individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion.

专业型管理信息系统

You can _____ some bottles of wine, or some chocolates, or a bunch of flowers.

A campus emergency ______ occur at any time of the day or night, weekend, or holiday, with little or no warning.

（）involves comparing actual or planned project practices to those of other projects to generate ideas for improvement and to provide a basis by which to measure performance. These other projects can be within the performing organization or outside of it, and can be within the same or in another application area.

 The（）technique involves using project characteristics in a mathematical model to predict total project cost. Models can be simple or complex.

Quality planning tools are often used to help plan effective quality management activities . （）is one of such tools, which involves company actual or planned project practices to those or other projects to generate ideas for improvement and to provide a basis by which to measure performance.

Project selection methods involve measuring value or attractiveness to the project owner or sponsor and may include other organizational decision criteria （）is not a project selection method.