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简述公共选择理论关于政府失灵原因的分析。

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2021-12-31 20:36
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政府失灵是指政府的活动或干预措施缺乏效率,或者说,政府作出了降低经济效率的决策或不能实施改善经济效率的政策。政府失灵主要表现在短缺和过剩、信息不足、官僚主义、缺乏市场激励、政府政策的频繁变化等方面。公共选择理论认为,政府活动的结果未必能矫正市场失灵,政府活动本身也许就有问题,甚至造成更大的资源浪费。主要原因包括以下几个方面:
(1)政府决策的无效率。公共选择理论在用经济模型分析政治决策过程时指出,民主程序不一定能产生最优的政府政策。原因:一是投票规则的缺陷导致政府决策无效率;二是政治市场上行为主体动机导致政府决策无效率;三是利益集团的存在导致政府决策无效率。
(2)政府机构运转的无效率。公共选择理论认为,政府机构运转无效率的原因主要表现在缺乏竞争、缺乏激励两个方面。一是缺乏竞争导致的无效率。首先是政府工作人员之间缺乏竞争,其次是在政府部门之间缺乏竞争;二是缺乏降低成本的激励导致的无效率。
(3)政府干预的无效率。有些政府干预形式为寻租行为创造了条件。因为在这种制度安排下,政府人为地制造出一种稀缺,这种稀缺就会产生潜在的租金,必然出现寻租行为。寻租行为越多,社会经济资源浪费越大。


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