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试述巴纳德复合性正式组织的特征。

问答题
2021-12-31 22:04
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复合性正式组织的特征包括以下4个方面:
(1)作为系统,复合性正式组织具有一些显著的特征。
首先它们具有亚系统,而它们本身又是更大的社会系统中的一个部分,系统和亚系统之间是互相依赖的。其次,作为一个系统的组织,它们也是动态的,因为环境在发生变化,新的目标在出现。最后,在巴纳德的分析中很关键的一点是,作为一个系统的组织不只是部分的简单综合,主要原因在于,系统与其组成部分的区别使巴纳德将作为整体的协作系统的目标与系统中人的“动机”作一区别。这一区别的重要性在于巴纳德认为组织中的每一个参与者必须接受的刺激(奖励)要多于对组织作出的贡献。由于个人的贡献是组织引诱的来源,因此,只有额外的东西通过本身的运作产生出来,每个人才能得到比他贡献多的东西。这一额外的东西就是组织内协作性活动的结果。
(2)组织活动是非人格化的。
正如巴纳德指出的,每一个特定的人对组织的意义是有限的,这反过来导致巴纳德根据力量或活动而非人来界定组织。巴纳德承认,在组织之外,一个人是一个独特的个体。然而,在加入了一个协作系统后,一个人的努力在这一意义上——个人的活动必须由系统的需要而非个人的动机所确定——是非人格化的
(3)专业化。
人的专业化,或他称之的“社团的专业化”是其强调组织行为中的社会因素的最重要的附加。巴纳德认为,专业化的单位应当包括社交上相适宜的人,以建立合作和减少冲突。
(4)非正式组织的存在。
巴纳德认为,非正式组织永远存在于正式组织中,并把它们描述为没有任何具体的联合目标而发生互动的一个“个体密度领域”。


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