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密码学的基础知识

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2022-01-01 11:44
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密码学(Cryptography)在希腊文用Kruptos(hidden)+graphein(towritE.表达,现代准确的术语为“密码编制学”,简称“编密学”,与之相对的专门研究如何破解密码的学问称之为“密码分析学”。密码学是主要研究通信安全和保密的学科,他包括两个分支:密码编码学和密码分析学。密码编码学主要研究对信息进行变换,以保护信息在传递过程中不被敌方窃取、解读和利用的方法,而密码分析学则于密码编码学相反,它主要研究如何分析和破译密码。这两者之间既相互对立又相互促进。密码的基本思想是对机密信息进行伪装。一个密码系统完成如下伪装:加密者对需要进行伪装机密信息(明文)进行伪装进行变换(加密变换),得到另外一种看起来似乎与原有信息不相关的表示(密文),如果合法者(接收者)获得了伪装后的信息,那么他可以通过事先约定的密钥,从得到的信息中分析得到原有的机密信息(解密变换),而如果不合法的用户(密码分析者)试图从这种伪装后信息中分析得到原有的机密信息,那么,要么这种分析过程根本是不可能的,要么代价过于巨大,以至于无法进行。


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