（）involves comparing actual or planned project practices to those of other projects to generate ideas for improvement and to provide a basis by which to measure performance. These other projects can be within the performing organization or outside of it, and can be within the same or in another application area.

根据《中华人民共和国海船船员适任考试发证规则》的规定，在中国籍海船上任职的船长、甲板部高级船员金额值班水手应当持有与其所服务的（）和所担任的植物相符的有效适任证书。
①船舶航区；
②船舶种类；
③主机功率；
④船舶吨位。