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焚书坑儒

名词解释题
2022-01-02 05:40
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秦始皇统一六国后,为统治思想文化而制造的两起重大事件。秦始皇三十四年(前213)。博士淳于越奏请按照殷周之制分封子弟功臣,丞相李斯驳斥其议,以“诸生不师今而学古,以非当世霍乱黔首”为由,提出禁止私学和焚书的建议,得到秦始皇认可。所焚之书包括秦统一前的列国史记和民间所藏《诗》、《书》、百家语。秦国史记、博士官收藏的图书和民间医学、卜筮、种树等技术之书则不在焚烧之列。令下三十日不烧者黥为城旦。同时宣布,有敢偶语《诗》、《书》者弃市,以古分今者族,吏见知不举者与同罪。焚书次年,又发生坑儒事件,其起因是方士侯生、卢生无法为秦始皇寻觅仙草,以秦始皇贪于权势、专用刑罚为由,相约逃亡。秦始皇闻讯,下令穷究。受到株连的儒生四百多人皆被活埋于咸阳。秦始皇长子扶苏谏劝,亦被遣至上郡监军。“坑儒”激起广大儒生不满和反抗。陈胜、吴广起义时,孔子的后裔孔鲋即抱礼器投奔义军。焚书坑儒体现了秦政的暴虐,严重摧残了思想文化的发展。


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