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新公共行政学怎样对传统行政学所谓“效率至上”原则进行反思和批判?

问答题
2022-01-02 05:45
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正确答案

它对传统行政学“效率至上”原则的反思和批评是从理论和实践两个方面进行的。
从理论方面看,新公共行政学主张公共行政不仅仅是执行政策的工具,而且还是对广大民众生活各个方面都具有决定性影响的重要因素,它担负着广泛的社会责任。鉴于传统行政学“效率至上”原则固有的缺陷,新公共行政学采取解释学和批判理论的模式进行研究,以期超越传统行政学的所谓“理性模式”,它强调建立规范价值,关注人民需要,提高社会性效率,以改善人类生活,实现行政工作的最终目标。
从行政实践方面看,新公共行政学认为,首先,公共行政最重要的目的在于促进人类幸福。其次,传统行政学的效率观也促使一些行政学者以机械性效率为标准来评估公共服务绩效。它以产出作为决策的基础,即假定某一方案的选择要基于对资源的有效利用,然而事实上,这种所谓完全科学的假设根本站不住脚,而且它导致了总体上的无效率。最后,传统行政学理论过分迷信效率,造成了长远性缺乏效率并且已明显造成了更多问题。新公共行政学者认为,效率虽然在某种层次上有其积极作用,但在公共问题的解决上却一筹莫展,究其原因,这正是由于按照传统行政学理论设计的政治制度并未表达公共利益,而只是考虑机械性的量化概念,它未曾顾及到社会性的公平分配,其结果往往促使社会上有组织者、有权势者以及既得利益者受益最多,而造成越来越多且差距日益增大的不公平、不平等现象。


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