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何谓阐释技术

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2022-01-02 08:04
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阐释(interpretation),指对病理、行为及人际情境中的关系或意义提出假设。也可称作解释、释义。阐释在解决问题的努力中给予病人多一点自由,使其用与己不同的词汇、语言、新的参照系来看待和描述心理和行为现象。
许多技术或多或少有阐释的功能,施用于病人及其相关系统时引发的感受是不同的,直接干预的力度也不同。以下四个构成一个连续谱的概念可体现这些差异:
(1)反映:这一技术给来诊者的阐释信息没有超过公开表达出来的内容。
(2)澄清:只是稍微点明病人的表达中所暗含、暗示的,但自己未必意识到的内容。到这一步时,已经需要心理动力学和机制的知识,在对情感进行的反映中加入许多认知成分,以帮助病人将以往只是模糊感受到的心理体验言语化。
(3)对质:治疗师利用病人呈现出来的情感和思想作为材料,提醒病人注意暗含的、但没有意识到或不愿承认的情感和思想。具体的线索可以是口误、前后不一致、掩饰行为、言语与非言语行为的不协调、静默,等等。
(4)阐释:治疗师直接导入全新的概念、意义联系或联想。这些心理成分存在于病人的体验之中,但显然离其意识甚远。在系统治疗中,可能会故意“强加”一种让病人及其家属感到十分荒谬的假说,以激起强烈的扰动,如暗示患者“是因为当病人有好处,所以你的病才好得这么慢”。


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