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天赋人权论

名词解释题
2022-01-02 12:34
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是在欧洲启蒙运动时期首先由格老秀斯与斯宾诺莎提出来的,后经霍布斯与洛克将其发扬光大,最后由卢梭等人完成理论系统化工作。天赋人权论认为人类进入文明社会以前,受自然法则支配,人人都平等享有自然权利:生命权、财产权、自由权等。由于人们同时具有自私自利等缺点,从而会对他人权利构成侵害和破坏,因此,有理性的人们便联合起来,订立契约,让渡权利,组成国家以保护人民的权利。由此得出结论,国家权力的基础是人权,国家权力的原旨和目标是维护人权,政治民主化是天赋人权的内在要求。斯宾诺莎认为,天赋人权就是自然权利,国家的权力来自于人们所签订的一种社会契约在这个社会契约中,人们同意转让一部分自己的自然权利,同时人们还保留了另一部分自然权利。这些被保留的权利就是既不能转让,也不能被剥夺的天赋人权。

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