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论述法律责任的认定和归结。

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2022-01-02 17:25
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法律责任的认定和归结是指对因违法行为、违约行为或法律规定而引起的法律责任,进行判断、认定、追究、归结以及减缓和免除的活动。法律责任的认定和归结是由国家特设或授权的专门机关依照法定程序进行的。
归责,即法律责任的归结,是指国家机关或其他社会组织根据法律规定,依照法定程序判断、认定、归结和执行法律责任的活动。
责任法定原则是法治原则在归责问题上的具体运用,它的基本要求为:作为一种否定性的法律后果,法律责任应当由法律规范预先规定:违法行为或违约行为发生后,应当按照事先规定的性质、范围、程度、期限、方式追究违法者、违约者或相关人的责任。责任法定原则的基本特点为法定性、合理性和明确性,即事先用成文的法律形式明确地规定法律责任,而且这种规定必须合理。
在认定和归结法律责任时,必须首先考虑因果关系,即引起与被引起的关系,具体包括:①人的行为与损害结果或危害结果之间的因果关系,即人的某一行为是否引起了特定的物质性或非物质性损害结果或危害结果。②人的意志、心理、理想等主观因素与外部行为之间的因果关系,即导致损害结果或危害结果出现的违法行为或违约行为是否是行为人内心主观意志支配外部客观行为的结果。
责任与处罚相当原则是公平观念在归责问题上的具体体现,其基本含义为法律责任的大小、处罚的轻重应与违法行为或违约行为的轻重相适应,做到“罪责均衡”、“罚当其罪”。
内容具体包括以下方面:①法律责任的性质与违法行为或违约行为的性质相适应。②法律责任的种类和轻重与违法行为或违约行为的具体情节相适应。③法律责任的轻重和种类与行为人的主观恶性相适应。
每个人在法律上具有独立的地位,因此在归责问题上要求遵循责任自负原则。凡是实施了违法行为或违约行为的人,应当对自己的违法行为或违约行为负责,必须独立承担法律责任;同时,没有法律依据不能让没有违法行为或违约行为的人承担法律责任,国家机关或其他社会组织不得没有法律依据而追究与违法行为者或违约行为者虽有血缘等关系而无违法行为或违约事实的人的责任,防止株连或变相株连。
免责以法律责任的存在为前提,是指虽然违法者事实上违反了法律,并且具备承担法律责任的条件,但由于法律规定的某些主观或客观条件,可以被部分或全部地免除(即不实际承担)法律责任。


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