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简述市场失灵的表现。

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2022-01-03 13:31
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 (1)垄断。垄断者可能通过限制产量,抬高价格,使价格高于其边际成本,获得额外利润,从而丧失市场效率。 
(2)信息不充分和不对称。在市场经济条件下,生产者与消费者的生产、销售、购买都属于个人行为,都不可能掌握必要的信息,信息是不充分和不对称的。 
(3)外部效应与公共物品。外部效应说明的是一个厂商从事某项经济活动对其他人带来利益或损失的现象,对他人带来利益,则是正的外部效应,对他人造成损失,即为负的外部效应。外部效应典型的例子就是“公共物品”。 
(4)收入分配不公。由于市场经济的第一道分配是要素分配,个人收入依赖于劳动投入的数最、质量以及投入资本的多少,即承认个人天赋、受教育程度以及私人财产所有权,所以市场在初次分配中是不完全公平的,只能照顾效率,公平问题只能由政府财政来考虑。 
(5)经济波动。市场机制是通过供求机制来自发调节价格与产量的,因而不可避免会引起经济的波动或失衡。


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