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什么是后现代主义?简述后现代主义的形成与发展。

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2022-01-03 14:27
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兴起于20世纪60年代末、70年代初,是后工业社会、信息社会的产物。它发端于建筑设计并影响到其他设计领域,在设计宗旨、风格等方面向现代主义设计提出挑战。20世纪60年代,西方进入“丰裕社会”时代,人们的消费观念从讲究结实耐用转向求新求异。现代主义设计风格长期以单调、沉闷、冷漠的形式充斥城市,使人们渴望出现变化。随着经济发展,形式单调的产品已不能适应多元化市场的需求和商业竞争。后现代主义设计遂应运而生。
后现代主义反对米斯的“少即多”的设计原则,并提出“少即烦”的观点,认为设计不仅要实现功能要求,还必须使形式表现出丰富的视觉效果,满足消费者日益精致和多元化的审美需求。他们提出“复兴都市历史拼合”理论,认为新时期的设计应以新材料、新技术克服单一化的技术特征,要表现出与自然和原有的历史传统面貌融为一体的都市面貌。同时,还应表现出设计师的个性和风格。其设计风格的总体特征,是重视形式、强调装饰。企图把良好的功能、科学的结构和古希腊罗马样式、哥特样式以及巴洛克、洛可可或维多利亚等各种经典样式的装饰细节相结合,追求独特艺术韵味和设计个性,并面向不同的文化群体与层面,从中汲取营养、激发创作灵感。因此,后现代主义设计风格呈现多元化的趋势,常常显得生动、活泼,同时又经常呈现出繁琐、杂乱无章甚至拼凑和大杂烩的面貌。


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