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简析拿破仑战争的性质。

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2022-01-04 03:16
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拿破仑战争的性质:
拿破仑时代和法国大革命是一脉相承的、不可分割的,拿破仑就是在法国大革命中成长和崛起的,拿破仑政权在形式上无论是执政府还是帝国,都是资产阶级的政权,是为法国资产阶级利益服务的。因此,拿破仑战争必然具有革命性和侵略性、争霸性的双重性质。
第一,拿破仑战争具有革命性。参加反法同盟的欧洲大陆各君主国害怕法国革命会引起本国革命,自己也落得与路易十六同样的下场,因而十分仇视革命的法国,他们要设法扑灭法国革命以恢复欧洲大陆的封建统治秩序,拿破仑政权则是以战争的手段来维护法国资产阶级的利益和巩固法国大革命的成果。从这个角度看,拿破仑前期战争是两种社会制度的战争,这些战争是革命的:保卫伟大的革命,反对反革命君主国联盟。
第二,拿破仑战争具有侵略性和争霸性。就其侵略性来说,拿破仑曾把比利时、荷兰及意大利一部分合并为法国领土;他入侵埃及,攻打莫斯科,还想霸占西班牙,以及派兵远征海地等,都是拿破仑战争的侵略性的体现。此外,当拿破仑征服一个国家时,便强迫被征服国家降低关税或干脆取消关税,以利于法国商品的倾销。同时,他也从被征服国家中夺取原料和财富。所以这些都有利于法国的工商业发展。拿破仑还在被征服国家的学校中强制推行法语,加重人民的捐税,大量地征兵,用被征服国家的人力、物力来扩大他对欧洲的侵略。就其争霸性来说,资本主义的英国担心法国强大后会与它争夺欧洲和海上霸权,就积极联合欧洲各封建君主国,组织反法同盟,以削弱法国在欧洲大陆的影响,因而拿破仑与英国的战争,是两国之间为本国资产阶级争夺世界市场和霸权而进行的战争,而与俄国的战争也是要争夺欧洲的霸权。所以说,当拿破仑建立了法兰西帝国,奴役欧洲许多早已形成的、大的、有生命力的民族国家的时候,法国的民族战争便成了帝国主义战争。


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