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里格斯提出的过渡社会公共行政有何特点?

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2022-01-04 07:23
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正确答案

里格斯重点分析了现代泰国、菲律宾的公共行政并据此提出了过渡社会公共行政的三个基本特点:
(1)异质性
里格斯认为,“异质性”是指一个社会在同一时间里同时存在着不同的制度、行为和观点,极不协调,表现出强烈反差。过渡社会的多元社区、多元经济形式以及多元价值使其公共行政具有明显的多元性,即异质性特点。从行政组织来看,一方面,中央政府在航空、电子、通讯等部门设有专门的机构并配备有现代化的管理设施,另一方面,在一些偏远地区却根本没有专门的行政机构,在那里,宗族、宗教、宗派团体支配着一切。从人事行政来看,过渡社会的异质性特点表现为一种奇特的“西化分子反精英现象”。
(2)重叠性
过渡社会的行政异质性使行政受到各种冲突的行政因素影响,进而造成了公共行政的重叠性特点。在里格斯看来,公共行政的“重叠性”即行政机构的重叠现象,具体是指,行政机构并不一定产生其应当有的功能,行政行为往往受非行政标准所主宰,而不受行政标准所决定。当一个行政机构不能发挥其应有的功能,不能完成其行政任务时,不得不由另外一些非行政组织来完成它的任务。里格斯认为,这种重叠性是过渡社会的公共行政特有的现象。在他看来,在传统农业社会,由于所有功能都是由一个机构来执行,行政不会出现这种重叠性现象;在现代工业社会,由于社会机构分工明确、各司其职,行政也不会出现这种重叠性现象;而在介于两者之间的过渡社会,尽管有了相当程度的社会分工,但其社会分工尚未达到高度发展的程度;尽管专业化职能机构及相应制度已经建立,但其功能尚不能很好发挥。里格斯认为,这种行政重叠性必然导致合法机构受控于非法机构以及派系林立、政出多门、互相扯皮、彼此排斥等行政行为多元化的恶果。
(3)形式主义
里格斯认为,过渡社会公共行政的重叠性和异质性特点必然导致其整个行政系统的形式主义。所谓“形式主义”即是指政府所制定的法令和政策不能付诸实施,形同虚设、徒有虚名。他认为,任何一种行政制度都有理论与实践脱节的形式主义,都可以找到政策、法令不能贯彻的事例,但是只有在像现代泰国和菲律宾这样的过渡社会,形式主义才达到了它的顶峰。
他认为,过渡社会公共行政的形式主义的首要表现便是宪法的形式主义。过渡社会在变迁过程中,旧有的权力基础---神圣的君主权力已经逐渐消解,替代的人民主权的权力基础没有生成起来。这种权力基础的危机影响了统治和政府管理权力的社会合法性。而这种合法性的缺乏不仅使社会经常反抗政府的非法之治,而且官僚结构内部也因为没有主权权力者的监督和潜在的制约,而很容易发生非法的权力斗争。官僚间的政治比重越高,则诸如效率、理性等纯行政标准便可能越低。与行政-政治化相关的一个现象是程序的仪式化,即过去所推行的一切法规、官僚习惯都逐渐固定成为一种内在的价值。
里格斯认为,形式主义一旦与官僚权力相接触,就会产生许多矛盾和弊病以及种种社会不良之风。


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