The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay_________

The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.

单选题

2022-01-10 21:48

A、[A] were famous in the New World for their writings
B、[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs
C、[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World
D、[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England

查看答案

正确答案

试题解析

标签：

感兴趣题目

Text 4 The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.

The party which wins the majority seats in parliament forms（）and its party leader becomes（）

Which of the following statements is NOT considered a characteristic of farming in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?（）

Practice 7　　While there are a few different conceptualizations of globalization, researchers seem to be in agreement that there are at least three dimensions of globalization: economic, political and cultural. The economic aspects of globalization stem from the spread of the capitalist world economy and the resulting expansion of goods and services. The need for cheap raw materials, cheap labor and new markets saw the expansion of the capitalist world economy from one that was primarily Eurocentric to one that encompassed the entire world. This process was achieved by various means and often involved overcoming political resistances in the new markets. The political aspects of globalization involved establishing control over markets and raw materials through either the use of direct military power or the establishment of international institutions that control such markets. The rise of the nation-state is an example of the political aspect of globalization, although it is argued that advances in telecommunications and information systems and the resulting constructions of institutions that transience territorial boundaries are making the nation-state obsolete.

The Prime Minister in Britain is head of _____.

The premier and the visiting foreign minister had a talk in _____ friendly atmosphere.

Power and Cooperation: An American Foreign Policy for the Age of Global Politics　　The age of geopolitics in American foreign policy is over; the age of global politics has begun. Throughout the twentieth century, traditional geopolitics drove U. S. thinking on foreign affairs: American security depended on preventing any one country from achieving dominion over the Eurasian landmass. That objective was achieved with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Now the United States finds itself confronting a new international environment, one without a peer competitor but that nonetheless presents serious threats to American security. The terrorists who struck the World Trade Center and the Pentagon neither represented a traditional state-based threat nor were tied to a specific geographical location. Nevertheless, nineteen people with just a few hundred thousand dollars succeeded in harming the most powerful nation on earth.　　For more than three centuries, the dynamics of world politics was determined by the interplay among states, especially the great powers. Today, world politics is shaped by two unprecedented phenomena that are in some tension with each other. One is the sheer predominance of the United States. Today, as never before, what matters most in international politics is how—and whether—Washington acts on any given issue. The other is globalization, which has unleashed economic, political, and social forces that are beyond the capacity of any one country, including the United States, to control.　　American primacy and globalization bring the United States great rewards as well as great dangers. Primacy gives Washington an unsurpassed ability to get its way in international affairs, while globalization enriches the American economy and spreads American values. But America’s great power and the penetration of its culture, products, and influence deep into other societies breed intense resentment and grievances. Great power and great wealth do not necessarily produce greater respect or greater security. American leaders and the American people are now grappling with the double-edged sword that is the age of global politics.

Passage 6　　The story of Pakistan is one of remorseless tug and pull between the civilian and military rulers on the one hand, and-the liberal and religious forces on the other.　　In the process, the country has failed to become either a democracy, a theocracy or a permanent military dictatorship.　　The chief casualties have been the rule of law, the state institutions and the process of national integration, with grave consequences for the civil society.　　How and why did all this come about?　　The country was born in 1947 with a clean slate and a potential to follow in one of two directions.　　It could opt for democracy. It had inherited democratic institutions and experience from the colonial rule, and was itself the creation of a democratic process involving national elections, parliamentary resolutions and a referendum.　　Or it could become an Islamic emirate. The Pakistan movement was based on the theory that the Muslims of India were a nation and had a right to separate statehood.　　They were granted separate electorate by the British rulers, and used Islamic identity as their main election slogan in 1937 and 1946.　　But instead of making a clear choice, the early leaders tried to mix the two, and inadvertently sparked a series of political, legal and religious debacles that define today’s Pakistan. In political terms, democracy has been the first casualty of this hybrid system.　　Its foundations were shaken by two controversial decisions made by the country’s founder and first Governor-General, Mohammad Ali Jinnah.　　He dismissed the Congress-led government of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) by decree, and instead of ordering fresh elections, appointed a Muslim League leader as the chief minister with the mandate to whip up parliamentary support for himself.　　Secondly, he declared to a large Bengali speaking audience in Dhaka, the capital of East Pakistan, that Urdu would be the only state language.　　The first action created a precedent for Governor-General Ghulam Mohammad, a former bureaucrat, to dismiss the country’s first civilian government in 1953.　　Since then, the governor-generals, presidents and army chiefs have dismissed as many as ten civilian governments that together ruled the country for 27 years. The remaining 33 years have seen direct military rule.　　Mr. Jinnah’s second action alienated the Bengali population of the eastern wing, and set a precedent for the West Pakistani rulers to neutralise the numerical superiority of East Pakistan through legal entrapments and outright disenfranchisement.　　After the secession of East Pakistan in 1971, the military rulers have repeatedly vitiated the federal and parliamentary character of the 1973 Constitution, thereby alienating the three smaller provinces of the remaining country.　　Legal safeguards against tyranny fell by the wayside in 1954 when the Supreme Court justified the governor-generaP s dismissal of the government and the parliament by invoking the controversial “theory of necessity”.　　The theory has endured, and nearly every dismissal of a civilian government and every military takeover have been upheld by the higher judiciary, undermining democratic traditions.　　On their part, the military rulers have co-opted both surrogate politicians and religious extremists as instruments of political strategy and national security policy.　　The political recruits have provided a civilian facade to military governments, while religious— and sometimes ethnic-extremists have tended to distract and destabilise governments run by secular political forces.　　Last, but not least, the Americans have tended to use their crucial financial and military support selectively against democratic governments.　　The pattern is unmistakably clear.　　The first large-scale American food and military aid started to pour into Pakistan in late 1953, months after the dismissal of its first civilian government.　　It continued for a decade as Pakistan under a military regime joined various US-sponsored defence pacts against the Soviet Union.　　The US started having problems with Pakistan when an elected government came to power in1972, but poured billions of dollars into the country when another military regime took over in 1977 and agreed to fight the Soviets in Afghanistan.　　Similarly, while the elected governments that followed during 1988-1999 had to live with a decade of US sanctions, the military regime of Gen Musharraf, that ousted the last civilian government in 1999, remains a “well supplied” ally in the US, “war on terror”.　　There is also a gathering political storm on the horizon, in keeping with the cyclical pattern of the country’s political weather.　　As elections approach, exiled leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif, both former prime ministers, threaten to return to the country with the express aim of effecting a regime change.　　But Gen Musharraf, like his predecessors, is fighting to keep his military office and his special powers under the constitution to dismiss governments and parliaments.　　Thus, the story of Pakistan continues to be one of despotic regimes using religious extremists and external support to keep the secular democratic forces at bay; and when these forces do assert themselves, to tie them down in legal constraints that are designed to ensure their failure.　　It is the story of a society that has been going round in circles for the last 60 years.　　1. State in one sentence the root cause that has brought Pakistan the unstable and disordered situation since its foundation?　　2. What led to the secession of East Pakistan in 1971?　　3. Describe the big blow to legal safeguards against tyranny and its outcome.　　4. Draw a conclusion of the cyclical pattern of Pakistan’s political weather.

With the introduction of the motorbus, the tramway suddenly seemed comparatively expensive to operate, and the ______ it enjoyed in the early 1900's diminished.

France’s ______ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.

In the political area,the Progressive Movement wanted to（）

Globalization　　What exactly does globalization mean? Concepts related to globalization include “internationalization”, “multidomestic marketing”, and “multinational or transnational marketing”, suggesting that the basic criterion is transactions across national boundaries. In the marketing and strategic management literature, globalization is conceptualized as a means to gain competitive advantage by locating different stages of production in different geographic regions according to the particular region’s comparative advantage. This conceptualization focuses only on the economic aspects of globalization; social, cultural and political factors are only considered in the context of achieving economic advantage. Thus, being “culturally sensitive” in global markets is being able to sell one’s product with enough ingenuity to avoid possible pitfalls arising from the seller’s ignorance of local customs. International marketing textbooks discuss such cultural pitfalls in great detail; however, the cultural contest of globalization is always framed by the economy.　　Broader conceptualization of globalization can be found in other disciplines such as sociology and anthropology. Waters defined globalization as “a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding.” This conceptualization with its much broader scope, allows for the examination of a number of consequences of globalization, not jut economic but social, cultural and political ones.　　While there are a few different conceptualizations of globalization, researchers seem to be in agreement that there are at least three dimensions of globalization: economic, political and cultural. The economic aspects of globalization stem from the spread of the capitalist world economy and the resulting expansion of goods and services. The need for cheap raw materials, cheap labor and new markets saw the expansion of the capitalist world economy from one that was primarily Eurocentric to one that encompassed the entire world. This process was achieved by various means and often involved overcoming political resistances in the new markets. The political aspects of globalization involved establishing control over markets and raw materials through either the use of direct military power or the establishment of international institutions that control such markets. The rise of the nation-state is an example of the political aspect of globalization, although it is argued that advances in telecommunications and information systems and the resulting constructions of institutions that transience territorial boundaries are making the nation-state obsolete.　　If the economic and political aspects of globalization involve material and power exchanges, the cultural of globalization involves the expression of symbols that represents facts, meanings, beliefs, preferences, tastes and values. In fact, these symbolic exchanges are increasingly displacing economic and political exchanges in the spread of global mass culture. Traditional barriers of language pose no problems to modem means of cultural production such as satellite television and film. However, the new “global culture”, despite its manifestations through consumption of global products and symbols in different part of the globe, is essentially the culture of dominant groups centered in the West.