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请你谈谈在教学中如何提高学生问题解决的能力?

问答题
2022-01-11 11:07
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正确答案
在学校情境中,大部分问题解决是通过解决各个学科中的具体问题来体现的,这也意味着结合具体的学科教学来培养解决问题的能力是必要的,也是可行的。在教学中提高学生解决问题的能力具体可从以下方面着手:
(1)提高学生知识储备的数量与质量
①帮助学生牢固地记忆知识。知识记忆得越牢固、越准确,提取得也就越快、越准确,成功地解决问题的可能性也就越大。教师应教给学生一些记忆和提取的方法,鼓励学生应用这些方法。
②提供多种变式,促进知识的概括。只有深刻领会和理解的知识才能牢固地记忆和有效地应用,因此,教师要重视概括、抽象、归纳和总结。应用同质不同形的各种问题的变式来突出本质特征,加强对不同类型的问题的区分与辨别,提高学生对所学内容的理解水平。
③重视知识间的联系,建立网络化结构。问题解决经常是综合应用各种知识的过程,知识之间的有机联系是保证正确地解决问题的基础。
(2)教授与训练解决问题的方法与策略
①结合具体学科,教授思维方法。有效的思维方法或心智技能可以引导学生进行正确的解决问题,教师既可以结合具体的学科内容,教授相应的心智技能,如审题技能、构思技能等,也可以根据已有的研究成果,开设专门的思维训练课。教授心智技能或策略的主要目的就是使学生学会学习、学会解决问题,成为一个自主的、自我调控的有效的学习者。
②外化思路,进行显性教学。教师在教授思维方法时,应遵循由内而外的方式,即把教师头脑中的思维方法或思路提炼出来,明确地、有意识地外化出来,给学生示范,并要求学生模仿、概括和总结,这在一定程度上可以避免学生不必要的盲目摸索。学生通过这种学习,可以逐步掌握各种思维方法,将教师的经验转化为自己的经验,充实或完善自己的内部认知结构,这是一个由外而内的内化过程。
(3)提供多种练习的机会
应避免低水平的、简单的提问或重复的机械练习,防止学生埋没于题海之中,应考虑练习的质量,根据不同的教学目的、教学内容、教学时段等来精选、设计例题与习题,充分考虑练什么、什么时候练、练到什么程度、以什么方式练、如何检验练的效果等。多种形式的练习,可以调动学生主动参与学习的积极性,提高学生知识应用的变通性、灵活性与广泛性。
(4)培养思考问题的习惯
①鼓励学生主动发现问题。鼓励学生对平常事物多观察,不要被动地等待教师指定作业后,才去套用公式或定理去解决问题。
②鼓励学生多角度提出假设。在明确问题的基础上,教师可以鼓励学生从不同的角度,尽可能多地提出各种假设,而不要对这些想法进行过多的评判,以免过早地局限于某一解决问题的方案中。这时,重要的是数量,而不是质量。
③鼓励自我评价与反思。要求学生自己反复推敲、分析各种假设、各种方法的优劣,对解决问题的整个过程进行监控与评价。即应注重培养学生的元认知能力,以有效地调控问题解决的过程。

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