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简述中央银行的资产业务。

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2022-01-12 14:52
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中央银行的资产业务是指中央银行借以运用其资金,对政府、商业银行和非银行金融机构提供特殊的金融服务,实现宏观调控的业务。
①政府贷款:中央银行的政府贷款是在国家财政由于收支时间差造成不平衡而急需的大量紧急支出,或在年终决算出现收支不平衡时所给予的资金支持。中央银行为政府提供的贷款有正常贷款、财政透支、直接购买政府债券和间接购买政府债券四种,其中,间接购买政府债券方式较为可取。
②商业银行贷款:指中央银行在商业银行资金周转困难时提供的资金融通。商业银行贷款的实质是提供一定数量的基础货币,它直接决定金融机构的可用资金和存款创造的能力。商业银行贷款的方式主要有再贴现和再贷款两种。
③金银、外汇储备:中央银行必须掌握和管理一定数量的金银、外汇储备,以平衡国际收支、稳定币值和汇率。金银、外汇的持有结构,从安全性、兑现性和收益性三方面综合考虑,其中以兑现性最为重要。
④证券买卖:中央银行经营证券买卖业务是为了管理金融、调控信贷规模和市场货币供给量,并不是为了获利。证券买卖是通过对金融机构办理再贴现、再抵押业务或在公开市场购入、出售有价证券进行。


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