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试述归因及韦纳的归因理论。

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2022-01-18 20:26
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(1)归因
归因是个体对自己或他人的行为原因进行分析,推论其性质或原因的过程,即个体对可能导致他人或自己行为的多种因素的原因加以解释、推测并判断其属于什么性质的过程。
(2)韦纳的归因理论
维纳认为在个体寻求事件的原因时,从内外源、稳定性、控制性三个维度进行综合考虑。内外源是行为原因是在个体本身,还是外部环境方面。稳定性是行为原因是稳定的,还是可以变化的。控制性是行为原因是可以控制的,还是不可以控制的。三个维度原因分为能力、努力、任务难度和机遇四个因素,并认为个体成败行为归因于何种因素,对其以后的工作、学习及其他活动的积极性产生重要影响。内在的、稳定的因素包括能力、身体特征;不稳定因素包括努力、心情;外在的稳定因素包括任务难度、无法克服的障碍;外在的不稳定因素包括运气、机遇。
维纳把个体行为原因分为三个维度:即把内外源分为内归因和外归因。努力、能力、个性等原因都是内源性的,任务难度、运气、家庭条件等原因是外源性的。把稳定性分为稳定归因和不稳定归因,任务难度、能力、家庭条件等原因是稳定的,努力、运气、心境等原因是不稳定的。把控制性分为可控归因和不可控归因。努力等原因是可受个人控制的,运气等原因则不受个人意志的控制。这样就可以把人们对活动成功或失败的原因的四个因素:努力、能力、运气和任务难度结合起来,组成归因三维度模式。
维纳认为,个体对成功或失败的归因如何,会对自己以后的行为产生重大影响。如果学生把考试失败归因于自己缺乏能力,那么,以后考试还会预期失败,因为能力是一个稳定因素;如果学生把考试失败归因于运气不佳,那么,以后考试不大可能预期失败,因为运气是一个不稳定的因素。在实际生活中,个人对成败的归因并不一定是成功或失败的真正原因,即个人的归因存在着偏差。

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