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试述清政府的“新政”的原因及内容?为何“新政”不能也没有挽救清政府的危亡?

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2022-02-24 16:11
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20世纪初,经历了义和团运动和八国联军的入侵,清政府的统治已是风雨飘摇、日薄西山。一方面,国内外反清革命浪潮风起云涌,维新派也在海内外为变法而奔走呼号;另一方面列强为实现其“以华制华”的目的,也极力向清政府施加压力,促其“速行变法”以“革新”政治。在内外压力的交互作用下,清政府内部逐渐出现了力图通过改革克服危机的努力。“新政”的内容包括:(1)政治机构方面的改革。首先,将总理衙门改为外务部,“班列六部之前”。其次,裁汰冗官冗衙,精简机构。(2)军事方面的改革。裁汰绿营、防勇编制;废除旧武举,各省设立武备学堂;组建新军等。(3)文化教育方面。废除科举制度,各省设立学堂等。(4)法律方面。着手修订法律,颁布了一些仿照西方国家的法律制定的法典。等。上述各项改革,无论是其涉及的范围,还是实施的力度,都远远超过了戊戌变法的内容,但这些改革并没有阻止辛亥革命的爆发,当然也没能延长清政府的统治寿命。“新政”事实上根本就缺乏改革所必须凭借的政府权威性,其最终的流产自然是难以避免的。满清政府极不明智地扼杀了维新运动,不仅使中国失去了通过改革解决危机的可能性,也就此宣告了他自身死期的到来。


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