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后梁太祖朱晃

名词解释题
2022-03-01 23:27
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(852~912)唐末黄巢起义军叛将,后梁王朝的开国皇帝。初名朱温。宋州砀山(今属安徽)人。朱温幼时,随母在萧县刘崇家当佣工。后参加黄巢领导的农民起义军,随军入长安。唐中和二年(882)正月,黄巢以朱温为同州(今陕西大荔)防御使。同年九月朱温叛变,降于唐河中节度使(今山西永济西)王重荣,僖宗任命朱温为金吾卫大将军,充河中行营副招讨使,赐名全忠。次年,改宣武军节度使(今河南开封),加东北面都招讨使。四年,全忠与李克用等联兵镇压黄巢起义军以后十余年间,朱全忠凭借汴州(今河南开封)优越的地理条件,逐步吞并割据中原和河北地区的藩镇。天复元年(901)被封为梁王。
同年,宰相崔胤召全忠入关,谋诛宦官。宦官劫唐昭宗到凤翔(今属陕西),依靠节度使李茂贞。全忠攻凤翔,茂贞屡败。天复三年,茂贞势蹙,被迫杀死劫迁昭宗的宦官,送昭宗出城。昭宗还长安后,全忠尽诛宦官,废神策军,从此昭宗为全忠控制。天元年(904),全忠迫昭宗迁洛阳,随即遣人杀之,立其子李(哀帝)。后又贬杀宰相独孤损等朝官三十余人。四年,全忠废李称帝,改名晃,是为后梁太祖。都开封(后曾一度迁都洛阳),国号梁,史称后梁。改元开平。
朱温在称帝前,对农业生产就比较重视,曾任张全义为河南尹,以恢复洛阳地区的生产。开平二年(908),令诸州灭蝗以利农桑。三年,又令两税外不得妄有科配,禁州县猾吏“广敛贪求”,对唐朝积弊有所改革。但他与据有太原的沙陀贵族李克用李存父子连年征战,损耗了大量的人力和财物,逐渐丧失军事上的优势。他生性残暴,滥行诛戮。晚年,因皇位继承人未定,皇室内部矛盾尖锐。乾化二年(912),为次子朱友所杀

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《历史的窗纸》是孟超史论性杂文的代表作,它从一个大学招考的历史试题谈起。
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