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理想类型(韦伯)

名词解释题
2022-03-12 04:54
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韦伯认为,社会科学也应当像自然科学那样,可以对所研究的对象获得规律性的认识并给予因果性的说明。“理想类型”便是社会学在这方面的特殊认识工具。它是研究者为研究社会和解释现实的一种概念工具。
从方法论的角度来看,它具有明显的康德主义色彩,是康德哲学中关于人类先天认识形式的思想在社会学中的发挥。韦伯去掉了康德哲学中先验论的思想。韦伯所关心的不是认识范畴的先验来源,而是认识范畴作为概念工具的现实作用。
韦伯建立理想类型的思想动机之一,是为了避免当时流行的历史学派个别化和特殊化的研究方法的缺陷。在他看来,任何科学系统都不可能把现实中的所有个别现象都包括进去,因为科学本身在一定意义上说就是一种抽象。惯常使用的概念工具常常面临两种困境,即:或是由于概念过于宽泛,使其失掉现象的某种具体特征,或是由于概念过于狭窄,无法包容相关的现象,而他所致力建设的理想类型正是要摆脱上述困境。
理想类型具有如下特点:
1它作为理智上构造的概念工具,具有高度的概括性、抽象性,因而不同于经验事实;
2它作为考察现实的概念工具,又是在对繁多的经验进行整理后,突出了经验事实中具有共性的或规律性的东西,使之成为典型的形式。
理想类型作为现实的某种变异形式,与现实本身保持有一定的距离。韦伯指出,现实中的行动只有在极少数情况下,其过程与理想类型中的过程类似。
韦伯关于理想类型的思想具有极为重要的方法论意义,它是韦伯用以进行历史的和社会学的比较研究的根据,也是他比较社会学的方法论基础。


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