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请论述地下水污染特点及防治措施。

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2022-03-12 17:54
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地下水污染的结果是使水资源部分或全部不能使用,损害环境。
1.水的赋存条件决定了其污染有如下特点:
(1)除地下工程和岩溶区的地下水外,一般不受三废直接污染;
(2)由于包气带和隔水顶板的保护和地下水渗透速度一般较慢,污染过程进行得非常缓慢;
(3)污染情况在短时间内不易被发现,较地表水污染更难监测;
(4)地下含水层一旦被污染,则难于再恢复原状。即使在清除污染源后很长时间内污染溶液入渗经过的包气带、越流通道及含水层所积蓄的污染物质还能继续释放,造成二次污染;
(5)注水或疏干等人为活动,如:抽水、采矿、地下工程、水工建筑、人工回灌等可加速或缓解地下水污染进程。
2.水污染的防治
对地下水环境的保护要坚持以防为主,开发与保护并重和及时治理的原则。
地下水污染的防护措施:
在查清水文地质条件和影响地下水质与量等因素的基础上,制定相应的法规,采取措施,达到保护水源卫生和科学合理开发地下水资源的目的,具体包括:
(1)依法建立水源卫生防护带;
(2)加强法制观念和防污意识,减少“三废”的排放量,并使排放达标;
(3)在入渗性强和地下水污染危险性高的地段,可构筑防渗层、防渗墙或防渗帷幕,以隔断污染物入渗;
(4)合理开采地下水资源,保持地下水供采基本平衡。
3.地水污染的治理措施
治理地下水污染,首先应当切断污染源,防止污染物继续进入,然后再考虑采取下列一些治理措施:
(1)污染土壤的治理:
地下水的污染一般都是通过包气带土壤污染而引起的。净化土壤层是地下水污染治理的重要措施,方法有:换土法、挖土淋洗法、植物吸收法、微生物处理法、化学处理法。
(2)受污染含水层的治理:
(1)人工补水法:人工补给清洁的地下水可以加速地下水稀释和净化过程。
(2)抽水净化法:抽取污染的地下水,将其污染物浓度降到一定水平后,再重新注入含水层。
(3)化学处理法:向净化井中投入粒状活性炭或注入臭氧等,运用活性炭吸附、臭氧分离、电解、氧化还原等手段,净化被污染的地下水。
(4)物处理法:在含水层中培育微生物,利用微生物分解地下水中的有机物,使含水层中污染物降低或完全清除掉。


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