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试论直接观察的各种类型的特点?(包括实验室观察、实地观察、结构式观察、非结构式观察、参与观察、非参与观察的特点)

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2022-03-15 23:29
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正确答案
直接观察是跟间接观察相对的,直接观察的对象也就是所要研究的对象本身,实验室观察和实地观察、结构式观察和非结构式观察、参与观察和非参与观察一般都是直接观察。
实验室观察兼具观察法和实验法的优点:具有科学研究所要求的精确、客观和可重复验证性,可用来收集研究对象的自然发生的行为的最真实完整全面的资料。缺点:由于实验情景要对干扰变量进行严格的控制并对实验对象进行人为的操纵,一定程度上失去人类生活的现实性,如集群行为或隐私行为,不可能通过操纵在实验室中发生。
与实验室观察相比,实地观察研究具有更大的弹性,可随时根据需要修正研究设计,更接近生活的真实性。缺点:常常无法观察到与研究有关的行为和事件,容易受研究者个人倾向的影响,研究结果的可重复验证性也较差。
参与观察较少受研究者先入之见的影响,能获得最丰富、最真实的资料。观察者完全参与到被观察者的实际生活。缺点:依赖于观察者的敏感性、领悟能力和技巧,观察者的主观作用和影响很大,由此获得的资料往往缺乏必要的信度,当知道自己正被观察时,被观察者往往会表现出与通常情况不一样的行为,影响资料的真实性。
非参与观察具有客观性、真实性。缺点:只能获取表面的资料,不能获取更深层次的信息。
结构式观察的结果可以做严格的数理推理并用来检验研究假设。但需事先作大量的探索性研究。但过于标准化的观察范畴和记录工具将会降低观察的灵活性。
非结构式观察没有严格界定的观察项目和标准化记录方式的约束。优点在于它的弹性。缺点在于观察过程、内容、记录会因观察者不同而不同,带有个人色彩,观察结果缺乏必要的信度,难于重复验证。资料没有统一的形式,只能进行定性分析。

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