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《城堡》的多解性是如何表现的?

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2022-03-26 00:18
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正确答案

《城堡》是一部具有多重解释的作品,是由于“城堡”意象的朦胧和神秘所带来的。
神学观点:虽然都是持神学观点,但他们得出的结论不尽相同。
1)城堡是神和神的恩典的象征,K追求的是最高的和绝对的拯救。
2)以城堡比喻神,然而K的种种行经都是旨在反对这种现有秩序,想证明神是不存在的。
3)城堡根本不代表神,假若城堡里有神,这也是一位躲藏起来不见人的神。
4)K处于基督教义上的信与不信之间,代表没有神可以依赖的人类的悲哀。5)K的处境就是犹太教、犹太人的处境,一切的努力在于得到非犹太世界的承认。
心理学观点:城堡客观上并不存在,它是K自由意识的外在折射,是K真实的外在反映。
存在主义观点:城堡是荒诞世界的一种形式,是现代人的危机。K被任意摆布而不能自主,他挣扎着,意欲追求自我和存在的自由,他徒劳地努力,从而代表了人类的生存状态。
社会学观点:城堡中官僚主义严重,效率极低,城堡里的官员既无能又腐败,彼此之间充满矛盾,代表着崩溃前夕的奥匈帝国的官僚主义作风,同时又是作者对法西斯统治者罪行的预感,表现了现代集权统治的症状。
马克思主义文艺观:同样持马克思主义文艺观的人,也有不同的看法:
1)K的恐惧来自于个人与物化了的外在世界之间的矛盾。小说将个人的恐惧感普通化,将个人的困境作为历史和人类普遍的困境,对于促进社会发展没有益处,不符合马克思主义积极向上的文艺观。
2)《城堡》中描写的不只是历史的真实,在社会主义世界中也有现实主义,并且K努力克服自己的处境,要求自己的权利,有积极向上的一面。
形而上学的观点:
1)K努力追求和探索的,是深层的不可知的秘密。他在寻找生命的终极意义。
2)城堡的一切出自善意,由于K不了解城堡而不能真正认识它。
3)K的目标不明确,他只是为了寻求而寻求,而寻求是必要的,需求可以显出生命的强力,可以显出人格的力量。
实证主义观点:详细考证作者生平,以此说明作品产生的背景。指出《城堡》中的人物、事件同卡夫卡身处的时代、社会、家庭、交往、工作、旅游、疾病、婚事、个性等等有密切的关系。也有结合生平从其他研究入手,认为K寻找的是现实生活的稳定。
《城堡》的各种解读融为一体,并无主次之分。城堡是神的恩典的象征,是神驾驭人的命运的象征。城堡是权力的象征、国家统治机器的缩影。城堡是犹太人无家可归的写照。城堡是荒诞世界的象征。城堡是卡夫卡父亲的象征。


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