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试述民事责任的归责原则。

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2022-04-02 12:09
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正确答案

民事责任的归责原则也就是承担民事责任的原则,根据《民法通则》的规定,有以下几种:

(1)一般归责原则,即过错责任原则。过错责任原则是指以行为人主观上的过错为承担民事责任的基本条件的认定责任的准则。按过错责任原则,行为人仅在有过错的情况下,才承担民事责任。没有过错,就不承担民事责任。此外,推定过错责任,实际上属于过错责任范畴.是指行为人不能证明自己没有过错的情况下.推定行为人有过错并承担民事责任。推定过错责任虽属于过错责任范畴,但却与一般过错责任不同。凡在适用推定过错责任的场合,行为人要不承担责任必须就自己无过错负举证责任。在适用过错责任场合,证明行为人有过错的举证责任却归于受害人。

2)特殊归责原则.即无过错责任原则和公平责任原则。①无过错责任原则是指没有过错造成他人损害的,依法律规定应由与造成损害原因有关的人承担民事责任的原则。执行这一原则.主要不是根据责任人的过错.而是基于损害的客观存在,根据行为人的活动及所管理的人或物的危险性质与所造成损害后果的因果关系.由法律规定的特别加重责任。②公平责任原则是指在当事人对造成损害都无过错,又不能适用无过错责任原则要求致害人承担赔偿责任。而使受害人遭受的重大损害得不到补偿,显失公平的情况下.由人民法院根据实际情况.依“公平合理负担”判由双方分担损失的原则。


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