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试论述学习与发展的辨证关系。

问答题
2022-04-02 14:36
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正确答案
(1)发展对学习的制约作用

心理学意义上的发展包括个体的生理发展和心理发展两部分。这两者都对学习产生着制约作用。
①首先,学习需要以个体的生理发展为自然前提,个体的生理发展,特别是中枢神经系统的成熟为有效的学习提供物质的可能。学习受个体的生理发展所制约,生理发展影响学习的效果和速度。
②其次,学习必须依赖于个体心理发展的已有水平。学习必须适应个体心理发展的客观规律,在儿童心理发展的不同阶段上,应有不同的学习要求,不同的学习内容与不同的学习形式。
(2)学习对个体发展的促进作用
学习对个体发展的促进作用也表现为两个方面。
①个体的生理发展是具有生物学意义的,受“用进废退”的自然法则支配,因而学习可以促进个体的生理发展。适度的学习和训练可以明显地促进人类个体的生理发展。
②个体的心理发展是在一定的学习需要的基础上实现的,是在学习过程中通过不断构建心理结构而实现的。
总之,学习与发展的关系是相互制约的、相互促进的。个体身心发展的已有水平为学习提供必要的生理与心理基础和可能;而学习又使个体身心发展的可能变成现实,从而促进个体身心的发展。

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