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长平之战

名词解释题
2022-04-12 12:44
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战国后期秦国大败赵国的战役。秦昭王四十五年(前262),秦将白起伐韩,取野王(今河南沁阳),决断上党通韩都之路。上党郡守冯亭以上党献赵,以联赵抗秦。赵孝成王受地,使廉颇率军守长平(今山西高平西北)以拒秦。廉颇以秦军攻势正盛,乃筑垒固守,与秦军相持达三年之久。四十七年,赵王中秦相范雎反间计,使赵括代廉颇为将。赵括空言兵法,无实战经验。既至军,一反廉颇监守战略,率大军盲目出击。秦将百起正面佯装败走,另出二支奇兵袭赵军后路,结果赵军被包围,粮道断绝,只得筑壁监守以待援军。秦王闻赵困,亲至河内,征发民年十五以上者悉至长平,阻绝赵救兵及粮运。赵军困守四十六日,饥饿难忍,竟至杀人为食了。赵括分兵四队,轮番急攻,终难突围,遂亲率精兵搏战,被秦军射杀。赵军大败,四十万人皆降。白起仅释幼、弱者二百四十人归赵,余皆坑杀。长平之战,赵前后所亡四十五万人,主力损失殆尽。秦军亦“死者过半”。

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