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论述西周时的宗法制。

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2022-04-20 07:00
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宗法制是以血缘关系为纽带的等级制度。这种制度与分封制密切相关,是由父权家长制演变而来的,对于保证分封制的实行有重要意义。
从某种意义上来说,宗法制是分封制的补充,其核心内容是嫡长子继承制,即嫡长子继承父亲的宗主地位,庶子分封。天子、诸侯、卿大夫的法定继承人,首先是嫡子中的长子,庶子即使比嫡子年长,也不能作为继位者,即“立嫡以长不以贤,立子以贵不以长”。按照宗法制的规定,周王的嫡长子继承王位,其余的嫡子和庶子应分封到地方去当诸侯;诸侯的嫡长子继承国君位,其余诸子分封为卿大夫;卿大夫的嫡长子继位,其余诸子分封为士。嫡长子与分封下去的众子有双重关系,在亲缘上是兄弟关系,在政治上又是君臣关系。
宗法制旨在通过划分宗族等级来维护贵族统治集团内部的稳定和团结。为此从宗族的角度对“大宗”和“小宗”做了明确的规定。大宗与小宗是相对而言的。周天子是天下的共主,是所有姬姓贵族的大宗;诸侯对周天子而言是小宗,在封国内对卿大夫而言又是大宗;卿大夫对诸侯而言是小宗,在封建内对士而言又成为大宗。各大宗均称作“宗子”,掌握祭祀与财产,代表贵族统治人民。大宗与小宗的划分,明确了下级贵族臣服上级贵族、全体贵族服从天子的政治隶属关系。虽然宗法制适应于同姓宗族内部,但异姓贵族往往与同姓贵族之间有婚姻关系,因而宗法制对异姓贵族也具有一定的约束力。
在宗法制度之下,天子、诸侯、卿大夫、士层层隶属。这种情况反映在政治上即是下级对上级的服从。宗法制在各个社会等级之间划分了一道不可逾越的鸿沟,要求各级贵族各安其分,并必须尊奉他们的共同祖先。由于周天子是直接继承祖宗事业的人,因此,他们在尊奉祖先的同时,也要尊奉周天子。显然,宗法制把族权、政权和神权紧紧地结合在一起,以尊祖和敬宗为信条,确定了诸侯与王室的关系以及诸侯国的继承规则,形成了一套严密的等级秩序,具有维护政权的作用。

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